Exploring and combining some of the key points in this section will help as you evolve your space in a responsive way over time. Digest and use the ideas here to trigger questions, reflection and also new thinking as you continually notice and consider how well your environment is meeting the needs of children in your care.
As you explore the ideas in this resource consider documenting the process. This would be a really useful record of why you make the changes you do and of course the impact they have. It’s always good to reflect back on the process over time and a helpful illustration to share with others.
Following the delivery of PACEY Cymru’s ‘Numeracy in early years’ webinar series in partnership with Rhian Davies, Advisory Teacher for Ceredigion Local Education Authority, we have developed this resource to support you in considering the role of the environment in supporting the development of children’s numeracy skills.
Numeracy is an integral part of children’s everyday lives. It is the ability to see and use mathematical concepts in all areas of life. To help make numeracy concepts more relatable for children, and to help them develop confidence and curiosity we should provide them with numeracy rich, playful environments.
Children are naturally inquisitive and develop an understanding of mathematical language, concepts and skills through multi-sensory play and authentic experiences. Establishing good numerical skills helps children make sense of the world around them, interpret a situation, and solve everyday problems.
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Sorting and grouping
Sorting, sharing and grouping are an essential part of a child’s holistic development. It is often instinctive and will support the child to understand order and make connections.
Sorting is the ability to identify similarities and differences among a set of objects and group them accordingly and is one of the first skills that children can master. By offering an environment that’s numeracy rich, this helps children develop their:
- Cognitive development
- Mathematical skills
- Visual perceptive skills
- Daily life skills
- Language development
Loose part play allows children to explore and look for similarities and differences in a range of objects, comparing sizes, colour, and textures.
Everyday tasks involve sorting items, examples of this include laying the correct number of knives and forks on the table for mealtimes and organising the environment when tidying up. Children love to group items by colour, type, size and should be encouraged to create their own categories.
Opportunities to share out items or resources naturally occur and is an essential part of a child’s introduction to simple division and multiplication. Mealtimes can offer opportunities, for example sharing a jug of water can support use of numeracy skills and related vocabulary.
Counting and understanding numbers
Children need opportunities to count and recognise numbers. These can begin with daily routines, for example when putting on a coat counting the buttons.
Nature, however, offers fascinating, fun, and authentic learning experiences, where early numeracy skills can thrive. It provides a relaxed and enjoyable environment with hands-on learning opportunities. The scale can often be greater in the outdoors, and it will often add a sensory element to the play and learning.
- Mud kitchens allow for opportunities to count items like spoons, cups, and ingredients. The use of measuring cups introduces volume and quantity and comparing amounts. This can be a good time to introduce numerical vocabulary such as more, less, heavy and light.
- Children can use pots and pans for collecting the natural materials they find, for example pinecones and conkers. These collections can be a way to help children develop their counting skills, recognise patterns and scale and to teach children positional vocabulary e.g. on, behind, next to, left and right to name a few.
Shapes and patterns
There are shapes and patterns everywhere and children need opportunities to identify these. Patterns in nature like the symmetry of leaves or the spirals of shells, capture children’s interests who often find delight, awe, and wonder in everyday occurrences. Children naturally explore these elements, asking questions and seeking answers, which promotes mathematical thinking and inquiry.
- Creating patterns with loose parts helps children recognise and predict sequences, which is a key aspect of mathematical thinking.
- Treasure hunts are a way to get children to notice the different shapes in their environment. When outdoors these shapes can be on a much bigger scale and at various levels, which can add to the curiosity and exploration.
- Items of various shapes and size in particular loose parts, provide opportunities for hours of uninterrupted engaged play allowing the children to develop a range of numerical skills. Children enjoy working out how different shapes fit together, this could include hanging curtain rings on a mug tree, keys in locks or even jigsaws.
- Recognising and creating patterns helps children predict what comes next, which is a fundamental problem-solving skill. For example, if they are making a bead necklace with a repeating colour pattern, they use their understanding of patterns to continue the sequence.
- Creating patterns with natural materials like leaves, stones, and sticks can be an opportunity for rich dialogue and exploration.
As the enabling adult we can offer invitations to play. These are a set of materials that encourage children to explore, create, and play in a non-directive way, provoking their curiosity. Follow the children’s interests and make learning maths more engaging. Patterns and shapes in nature helps children see the relevance of numeracy in the real world.
Problem solving
Problems are things you do not know how to solve. In the early years even very simple activities may be a problem for one child but not another. Quality provision encourages children to pose their own problems, with a range of flexible resources to allow for workable solutions. It is important to remember that if children are told the method or solution, they are not problem solving and therefore they are not challenging their thinking.
- Block play is one way to support numeracy and problem solving. It allows them to develop spatial awareness and reasoning, arranging blocks in different configurations and it also helps them develop an understanding of how objects fit together. It supports critical thinking such as how to balance blocks and create stable structures. Block play allows children to experiment with unique designs, evaluate their ideas and can often develop children’s ability to mentally visualize relationships and explore symmetry.
- Experiences that link to the weather and gardening can offer a rich environment for learning and many problem-solving scenarios. These engaging experiences allow for the children to lead their exploration creating and solving problems. How much earth do they need to fill a plant pot? How high has the sunflower grown? How deep do we plant the seed? How much water does the plant need?
- Children need opportunities to explore space and solve problems for example: Will this object fit in this space. How do these shapes fit together? There are plenty of opportunities for this during a child’s day.
Remember!
Numeracy rich environments as stated in the curriculum for funded non-maintained nursery settings, help children to become:
- ambitious, capable, learners who can use number effectively in different context.
- enterprising, creative contributors who think creatively to reframe and solve problems.
- ethical informed citizens who find, evaluate, and use evidence in forming views.
- healthy, confident individuals who face and overcome challenge and have the skills and knowledge to manage everyday life as independently as they can.
Providing a numeracy rich environment is only as limited to our imagination. Think of it as being more than just numbers and counting and don’t be afraid to explore together.
There’s a lot to digest in this section. You’ll already be doing some of what’s been featured. If there are changes you want to make, don’t feel you need to do everything at once. Too much change can unsettle children and you also need to keep things manageable for you. Make sure you celebrate and share the things that are going well and the impact you are noticing.
Reflect!
- Notice the spaces that aren’t being used much in your setting. Why is this? How could you develop them? Sometimes a simple change or addition to a space is enough to re-inspire use and interest.
- Consider the way that your space supports individual children in your care and their needs. Do you offer scales of space? How might this help your children explore in a more focused way?
Further reading
Bydd archwilio a chyfuno rhai o’r pwyntiau allweddol yn yr adran hon o gymorth wrth ichi esblygu’ch lle mewn ffordd ymatebol dros amser. Ystyriwch a defnyddiwch y syniadau yma i sbarduno cwestiynau, myfyrio a hefyd ffordd newydd o feddwl wrth i chi sylwi’n barhaus ac ystyried pa mor dda y mae eich amgylchedd yn diwallu anghenion plant dan eich gofal.
Wrth i chi archwilio’r syniadau yn yr adnodd hwn, ystyriwch ddogfennu’r broses. Byddai hwn yn gofnod defnyddiol iawn o pam rydych chi’n gwneud y newidiadau rydych chi’n eu gwneud ac wrth gwrs yr effaith maen nhw’n ei chael. Mae bob amser yn dda myfyrio ar y broses dros amser ac yn ddarlun defnyddiol i’w rannu ag eraill.
Yn dilyn cyflenwi cyfres gweminar ‘Rhifedd yn y blynyddoedd cynnar’ PACEY Cymru mewn partneriaeth â Rhian Davies, Athrawes Ymgynghorol Awdurdod Addysg Lleol Ceredigion, rydym wedi datblygu’r adnodd hwn i’ch cefnogi chi wrth ystyried rôl yr amgylchedd wrth gefnogi datblygiad sgiliau rhifedd plant.
Mae rhifedd yn rhan annatod o fywydau bob dydd plant. Y gallu i weld a defnyddio cysyniadau mathemategol ym mhob agwedd ar fywyd ydyw. Er mwyn helpu i wneud cysyniadau rhifedd yn fwy perthnasol i blant, ac i’w helpu i ddatblygu hyder a chwilfrydedd dylem gynnig amgylcheddau chwareus iddynt sy’n gyfoethog o ran rhifedd.
Mae plant yn naturiol chwilfrydig ac yn datblygu dealltwriaeth o iaith, cysyniadau a sgiliau mathemategol trwy chwarae aml-synhwyraidd a phrofiadau dilys. Mae sefydlu sgiliau rhifiadol da yn helpu plant i wneud synnwyr o’r byd o’u hamgylch, dehongli sefyllfa, a datrys problemau bob dydd.
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Didoli a grwpio
Mae didoli, rhannu a grwpio yn rhan hanfodol o ddatblygiad cyfannol plentyn. Mae’n aml yn reddfol a bydd yn cefnogi’r plentyn i ddeall trefn a gwneud cysylltiadau.
Didoli yw’r gallu i adnabod tebygolrwyddau a gwahaniaethau ymhlith set o wrthrychau a’u grwpio yn unol â hynny ac mae’n un o’r sgiliau cyntaf y gall plant eu meistroli. Trwy gynnig amgylchedd sy’n gyfoethog o ran rhifedd, mae hyn yn helpu plant i ddatblygu eu:
- Datblygiad gwybyddol
- Sgiliau mathemategol
- Sgiliau canfyddiad gweledol
- Sgiliau bywyd bob dydd
- Datblygiad iaith
Mae chwarae rhannau rhydd yn caniatáu i blant archwilio ac edrych am debygolrwyddau a gwahaniaethau mewn ystod o wrthrychau, gan gymharu meintiau, lliw a gweadau.
Mae tasgau bob dydd yn cynnwys didoli eitemau, mae enghreifftiau o hyn yn cynnwys gosod y nifer gywir o gyllyll a ffyrc ar y bwrdd amser bwyd a threfnu’r amgylchedd wrth dacluso. Mae plant wrth eu bodd yn grwpio eitemau yn ôl lliw, math, maint a dylid eu hannog i greu eu categorïau eu hunain.
Mae cyfleoedd i ddosbarthu eitemau neu adnoddau yn digwydd yn naturiol ac mae’n rhan hanfodol o gyflwyniad plant i raniad a lluosiad syml. Gall amser bwyd gynnig cyfleoedd, er enghraifft gall rhannu jwg o ddŵr ddefnyddio sgiliau rhifedd a geirfa gysylltiedig.
Cyfrif a deall rhifau
Mae plant angen cyfleoedd i gyfrif ac adnabod rhifau. Gall y rhain ddechrau gyda threfnau dyddiol, er enghraifft wrth wisgo cot a chyfrif y botymau.
Serch hynny, mae natur yn cynnig profiadau dysgu cyfareddol, hwyliog a dilys, lle gall sgiliau rhifedd cynnar ffynnu. Mae’n cynnig amgylchedd hamddenol a phleserus gyda chyfleoedd dysgu ymarferol. Gall y raddfa’n aml fod yn fwy yn yr awyr agored, a bydd yn aml yn ychwanegu elfen synhwyraidd i’r chwarae a’r dysgu.
- Mae ceginau mwd yn caniatáu cyfleoedd i gyfrif eitemau megis llwyau, cwpanau, a chynhwysion. Mae defnyddio cwpanau mesur yn cynnig cyfaint ac ansawdd a chymharu symiau. Yn aml gall hyn fod yn amser da i gyflwyno geirfa rifiadol megis mwy, llai, trwm a golau.
- Gall plant ddefnyddio potiau a phadelli ar gyfer casglu’r deunyddiau naturiol y maen nhw’n eu canfod, er enghraifft moch coed a choncyrs. Gall y casgliadau hyn fod yn ffordd o helpu plant i ddatblygu eu sgiliau cyfrif, adnabod patrymau a graddfa ac i addysgu geirfa leoliadol i blant e.e. ar, y tu ôl, wrth ymyl, i’r chwith, i’r dde i enwi ychydig.
Siapiau a phatrymau
Mae siapiau a phatrymau ym mhobman ac mae angen cyfleodd ar blant i adnabod y rhain. Mae patrymau natur fel cymesuredd dail neu droellau cregyn, yn cipio dychymyg plant sy’n aml yn gweld hyfrydwch, cyfaredd a rhyfeddod mewn digwyddiadau bob dydd. Mae plant yn archwilio’r elfennau hyn yn naturiol, gan ofyn cwestiynau a cheisio atebion, sy’n hyrwyddo ffordd o feddwl ac ymholi mathemategol.
- Mae creu patrymau gyda darnau rhydd yn helpu plant i adnabod a rhagfynegi dilyniannau, sy’n agwedd allweddol o ffordd o feddwl mathemategol.
- Mae helfa drysor yn ffordd o gael plant i sylwi ar wahanol siapiau yn eu hamgylchedd. Yn yr awyr agored gall y siapiau hyn fod ar raddfa lawer yn fwy ac ar amryw lefelau, a all ychwanegu at chwilfrydedd ac archwiliad.
- Mae eitemau o amryw siapiau a meintiau yn enwedig darnau rhydd, yn cynnig cyfleoedd am oriau o chwarae wedi’i ymgysylltu di-dor gan ganiatáu i’r plant ddatblygu ystod o sgiliau rhifiadol. Mae plant yn mwynhau ceisio datrys sut y mae gwahanol siapiau yn ffitio â’i gilydd, gallai hyn gynnwys hongian cylchoedd llenni ar goeden mygiau, allweddi mewn cloeon neu hyd yn oed jig-sos.
- Mae adnabod a chreu patrymau yn helpu plant i ragfynegi beth ddaw nesaf, sy’n sgil datrys problemau sylfaenol. Er enghraifft, os ydynt yn gwneud mwclis o leiniau yn ailadrodd patrwm lliw, maen nhw’n defnyddio eu dealltwriaeth o batrymau i barhau â’r dilyniant.
- Gall creu patrymau gyda deunyddiau naturiol fel dail, cerrig, a ffyn fod yn gyfle ar gyfer sgwrs ac archwilio cyfoethog.
Fel yr oedolyn sy’n galluogi, gallwn gynnig gwahoddiadau i chwarae. Mae’r rhain yn set o ddeunyddiau sy’n annog plant i archwilio, creu, a chwarae mewn modd heb gyfarwyddyd, gan brocio eu chwilfrydedd. Dilyn diddordebau’r plentyn gan wneud dysgu mathemateg yn fwy diddorol. Mae patrymau a siapiau yn helpu plant i weld perthnasedd rhifedd yn y byd go iawn.
Datrys problemau
Problemau yw pethau nad ydych chi’n gwybod sut i’w datrys. Yn y blynyddoedd cynnar gall hyd yn oed gweithgareddau syml iawn fod yn broblem i un plentyn ond nid i blentyn arall. Mae darpariaeth o ansawdd yn annog plant i osod eu problemau eu hunain, gydag ystod o adnoddau hyblyg i ganiatáu ar gyfer datrysiadau ymarferol. Mae’n bwysig cofio os dywedir wrth y plant beth yw’r dull neu’r datrysiad, nid ydynt yn datrys problemau ac felly nid ydynt yn herio eu ffordd o feddwl.
- Mae chwarae blociau yn un ffordd o gefnogi rhifedd a datrys problemau. Mae’n caniatáu iddynt ddatblygu ymwybyddiaeth ofodol a rhesymu, gan drefnu blociau mewn ffurfweddau gwahanol ac mae hefyd yn eu helpu i ddatblygu dealltwriaeth o sut y mae gwrthrychau yn ffitio â’i gilydd. Mae’n cefnogi ffordd o feddwl critigol megis sut i gydbwyso blociau a chreu strwythurau sefydlog. Mae chwarae blociau yn caniatáu i blant arbrofi â dyluniadau unigryw, gwerthuso eu syniadau ac yn aml gall ddatblygu gallu plant i ddelweddu perthnasau yn weledol ac archwilio cymesuredd.
- Gall profiadau sy’n cysylltu â’r tywydd a garddio gynnig amgylchedd cyfoethog ar gyfer dysgu a llawer o senarios datrys problemau. Mae’r profiadau diddorol hyn yn caniatáu i’r plant arwain wrth greu archwiliad a datrys problemau. Faint o bridd sydd ei angen arnynt i lenwi pot planhigyn? Pa mor dal y mae’r blodyn haul wedi tyfu? Pa mor ddwfn ydym yn plannu’r hedyn? Faint o ddŵr sydd ei angen ar y planhigyn?
- Mae plant angen cyfleoedd i archwilio gofod a datrys problemau er enghraifft: A fydd y gwrthrych hwn yn ffitio yn y gofod hwn? Sut y mae’r siapiau hyn yn ffitio â’i gilydd? Mae digon o gyfleoedd am hyn yn ystod diwrnod y plentyn.
Cofiwch!
Mae amgylcheddau cyfoethog o ran rhifedd fel y nodir yn y cwricwlwm ar gyfer lleoliadau meithrin a ariennir nas cynhelir, yn helpu plant i ddod yn:
• ddysgwyr uchelgeisiol, galluog a all ddefnyddio rhifau yn effeithiol mewn cyd-destun gwahanol.
• gyfranwyr creadigol, mentrus sy’n meddwl yn greadigol i ailfframio a datrys problemau.
• ddinasyddion gwybodus yn foesegol sy’n canfod, gwerthuso, a defnyddio tystiolaeth wrth lunio barn.
• unigolion hyderus, iach sy’n wynebu ac yn goresgyn her ac sydd â’r sgiliau a’r wybodaeth i reoli bywyd bob dydd mor annibynnol â phosibl.
Yr unig gyfyngiad i ddarparu amgylchedd cyfoethog o ran rhifedd yw’ch dychymyg. Meddyliwch am y peth fel mwy na rhifau a chyfrif a pheidiwch â bod ofn archwilio gyda’ch gilydd.
Mae yna lawer i’w ystyried yn yr adran hon. Byddwch eisoes yn gwneud peth o’r hyn sydd wedi cael sylw. Os oes unrhyw newidiadau rydych chi eisiau eu gwneud, peidiwch â theimlo bod angen i chi wneud popeth ar unwaith. Gall gormod o newid gythruddo plant ac mae angen i chi hefyd gadw pethau’n ymarferol i chi. Gwnewch yn siŵr eich bod chi’n dathlu ac yn rhannu’r pethau sy’n mynd yn dda a’r effaith rydych chi’n sylwi arni.
Myfyriwch!
- Sylwch ar y lleoedd nad ydyn nhw’n cael eu defnyddio rhyw lawer yn eich lleoliad. Pam mae hyn? Sut allech chi eu datblygu? Weithiau mae newid neu ychwanegiad syml i le yn ddigon i ail-ysbrydoli defnydd a diddordeb.
- Ystyriwch y ffordd y mae eich gofod yn cefnogi plant unigol dan eich gofal a’u hanghenion. Ydych chi’n cynnig graddfeydd lle? Sut gallai hyn helpu’ch plant i archwilio mewn ffordd â mwy o ffocws?
Darllen pellach
- Lawrlwythwch y blog hwn
- Mathemateg yn yr awyr agored
- Mathemateg ceginau mwd
- Cwricwlwm ar gyfer lleoliadau meithrin a ariennir nas cynhelir – Hwb (llyw.cymru)
- Trefniadau asesu ar gyfer lleoliadau meithrin a ariennir nas cynhelir – Hwb (llyw.cymru)
- CEY smart – y gêm rhifau (adnoddau aelodau PACEY)
- Mathemateg gynnar – PACEY